Socrates And St. Augustines Views On Death - 1305 Words

Louis Ferrara Dr. Edwards Philosophy 101-02 October 13, 2017 What is Death? Death is the most inevitable and unknown aspect of life. It is unescapable, and by most of today’s population, it is feared in the utmost regard. Our materialistic views and constant desertion of religious ideals has forced our society to view death as an ultimate end. Socrates and St. Augustine’s views on death differ from many views on the subject in 2017, however, for their time, these men had the power to influence a plethora of individuals with their theories. For Socrates, death should never be feared and should be considered a blessing if our souls were to ascend to heaven, or death could be an extensive slumber without any dreaming whatsoever. With†¦show more content†¦Socrates justifies by claiming, â€Å"So, if you see anyone distressed at the prospect of dying, it will be proof enough that he is a lover not of wisdom but of the body (this man would presumably be a lover of money) and of prestige, one or the other, or both† (pg. 129-130). Covetous and selfish people will fear death because their impure souls will not be granted entrance into Heaven and â€Å"the greatest blessing a man could receive†. Next, we already have the knowledge that Socrates understands how unwise it is to fear death, but he has a perception of death that grants him serenity and peace about being deceased. He enlightens the jury by explaining, â€Å"death is a state of nothingness and utter unconsciousness or a change and migration of the soul from this world to another† (pg. 69). In the majority of cases, humans will innately fear that state of nothingness and uncertainty, however Socrates’ approach differs. Even though this is the worst of the two possibilities when humans die, Socrates views this undisturbed slumber without any dreams or distractions to be a tremendous benefit. Socrates’ ideals mirror that of Ecclesiastes 9:5 which states, â€Å"For the living know that they shall die: but the dead know not anything, neither have they any more a reward; for the memory of them is forgotten.† This parallels Socrates claiming that he does not fear death even if it is anShow Mor eRelatedRelationship between St Augustine and Plato1773 Words   |  8 Pagesbetween St. Augustine and Plato Great philosophers over time have shared ideas about their lifetime. There were no more captivating philosophers than Plato and Augustine who fed off one another. Even though they were born at different times, their ideas impacted the life they lived in and future lives. St. Augustine was a student of the wise Plato, who fed off his ideas and created his own form of philosophy. Plato on the other hand orbited the idea of the theory of forms which, later St. AugustineRead MoreThe Morality Of Suicide Throughout The Ages1697 Words   |  7 Pagesit. The debate about the morality of suicide began in ancient Greece with the philosopher Socrates. He asserted that people shouldn’t take their our own lives because to do so would be to forcefully remove the soul from the body. According to Socrates, the Gods punished humans by forcing them to stay in their body and to take away that punishment would cause great distress to the Gods. Ironically, Socrates died by suicide. He was forced to drink a cup of hemlock as his punishment for corrupting theRead MoreEssay on Faith and Reason2144 Words   |  9 Pagesto unify these two modes of belief. The Greco-Roman approach to ultimate truth was through reason. In Plato’s Apology, Socrates was the embodiment of rational thought. He questioned, observed, and drew conclusions. Though his behavior ultimately led to his demise, he represented a rational way of acquiring knowledge. After he was sentenced to death, Socrates described his death as an opportunity to continue a life of searching. â€Å"Above all, I shall be able to continue my search into true and falseRead Moreontemporary Thinkers: Plato, Aristotle, Augustine, Aguinas Essay6220 Words   |  25 PagesContemporary Thinkers: Plato, Aristotle, Augustine, Aguinas Question #1 : Please discuss the political organization of the Greek city- states, particularly Athenian democracy at the time of Pericles, Plato, and Aristotle. Also discuss the backgrounds of Socrates, Plato and Aristotle and the fate of the Greek city-states historically. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;During the time of Pericles, Plato, and Aristotle, Greece was divided into city-states with a wide variety of constitutions, ranging from SpartasRead MorePlato Essay2739 Words   |  11 Pagesof an aristocratic family. He recounts in the Seventh Letter, which, if genuine, is part of his autobiography, that the spectacle of the politics of his day brought him to the conclusion that only philosophers could be fit to rule. After the death of Socrates in 399, he travelled extensively. During this period he made his first trip to Sicily, with whose internal politics he became much entangled. He visited Sicily at least three times in all and may have been richly subsidised by Dionysius. On returnRead MoreLogical Reasoning189930 Words   |  760 Pagesother subject, and it is not a book about what you ought to believe about some subject. Although many scientific studies of decision-making have shown that people tend to sift sources of information looking to reinforce existing views rather than to accept the view that is backed up with the better argument, our course is designed to combat this tendency. Facing a Decision as a Critical Thinker Imagine this situation. You are on a four-day backpacking trip in a national wilderness area with

The, The Population Bomb, By Paul Ehrlich - 2041 Words

In the 1960’s America was in a period of extreme growth along with other developing countries. There were major concerns and even hysteria about the population surge. Policymakers, demographers, and the military all thought that the biggest threat to mankind was the rise in humans. They came up with many reasons, but it was agreed at the time that drastic measures would be needed to control the growth. The author of the book, â€Å"The Population Bomb†, Paul Ehrlich pointed out the parents of Indian and Chinese parents would continue having daughters until a boy was born. His argument was to offer them a guaranteed that they would have a son with genetic manipulation. This would help to take the first step to controlling the population growth. In early 1969, sex determination was the main focus as one of the 12 new strategies for worldwide birth control at a US meeting with Henry Kissinger. He would the secretary of the state at the time under Richard Nixon. Reports show there was a signing of a classified document stating that â€Å"abortion is vital to the solution of population control in the world. In addition, advisors from the World Bank pressured the government to â€Å"adapt† a paradigm where the population was determined the problem. The foundation was funded by The Rockefeller Foundation and along with the Ford Foundation. They fully funded the research into reproductive biology. This is where testing started in India’s medical school on how to test human cells for sexShow MoreRelatedEssay on The Growing Population1374 Words   |  6 PagesA Growing Population: Problem or Excuse? The current worldwide population is around 6.9 billion and is expected to reach 9 billion by 2050 (Baird). This projected population number is down from the once predicted 16 billion (Baird) and while some are not concerned others are worried by any increase in population. Population growth is discussed in the articles â€Å"Too Many People?† by Vanessa Baird; â€Å"Population Control: How Can There Possibly Be Too Many of Us?† by Frank Furedi; and â€Å"The PopulationRead MoreExplain What Is Meant by â€Å"the Population Bomb† and to What Extent Do You Agree That This Bomb Has Been Diffused.2007 Words   |  9 Pagesis meant by â€Å"The Population Bomb† and to what extent do you agree that this bomb has been diffused. â€Å"Population will inevitably and completely outstrip whatever small increases in food supplies we make. The death rate will increase until at least 100-200 million people per year will be starving to death during the next ten years.†- Paul Ehrlich, Stanford University biologist The population bomb theory was made popular by Paul Ehrlichs 1968 book â€Å"The Population Bomb†, Ehrlich posited that thatRead MoreA Great Matter Of Concern Today Or Just A Bust?1667 Words   |  7 Pagesproblem of over population has been curbed and infant production rate controlled. Recently, one of the commentators in prominent U.S. publication declared that the population boom is a bust. Whether it is actually a bust now or is it still standing as a matter of great concern? â€Å"The greatest shortcoming of the human race is our inability to understand the exponential function† (Barlett, 2005). In 8000 B.C., the world hardly had 5 million people, which accounts to the population of Papua NewRead MoreAnswers to Some Critical Questions1718 Words   |  7 Pagesassociations between variables. The two major types of statistics are descriptive and inferential. Descriptive statistics describes the data by summarizing into more understandable terms; inferential statistics make predictions about variables or a population based on observable trends. However, statistics are only as good as the numbers used in the formulas, and the presentation. For instance, if a study says product A is 25% better than product B, one might ask 25% better than what? Or 80% of all physiciansRead More Overpopulation is Not Really a Problem Essay1272 Words   |  6 Pagesgrowing too fast. In the 18th century, it was the Rev. Thomas Malthus with his book Essay on t he Principle of Population. Rev. Malthus said that the growing European population would quickly outstrip its available resources. History tells us that Rev. Malthus speculation was wrong. Following a path similar to that of Malthus, Paul Ehrlich presented us a book entitled The Population Bomb, in 1969. Ehrlichs book predicted that tens of millions of people would starve to death in the 1970s followingRead MoreDepicting a Bleak Future in Paul Ehrlichs Book, Population Explosion558 Words   |  2 Pagesâ€Å"Why Isn’t Everyone as Scared as We Are?† is a chapter within a book written by Paul Ehrlich back in 1990 called the ‘Population Explosion’. It follows on from a previous book written by Ehrlich in 1968 called the ‘Population Bomb’ and depicts the bleak future for the earth created by overpopulation. The chapter points out links between overpopulation and problems of today including; pollution, poverty, resource depletion and environmental damage including habitat destruction and land clearing. Read MoreCritical Analysis of Health Canada Essay1064 Words   |  5 Pages With this one can determine that his causal argument fai ls to be valid in assessing population decline. In this essay, Byfield suggests that Canadians are working too hard, and with the demands of work they are putting off having children which is in turn leading to a population decline that will have negative economic consequences in the Western world. He begins by discussing past notions of a â€Å"population explosion† (222), which was a prediction of the world to be over crowded, a predictionRead MoreThe Population Bomb By John Ehrlich982 Words   |  4 PagesThe article starts with the debates of the authors with Paul Ehrlich who in his book â€Å"The Population Bomb† published in 1968 made some predictions caused by population growth. But in writing, Ehrlich did not consider technological change and the growth of free enterprise across the world. He did not foresee the fact that population would gradually shrink due to birth rates decreasing. Using logos arguments, the authors provide the reader with a comprehensive analysis of the misbalance in demographicRead Mo reThe View on Overpopulation: Looking Deeper into the Hardinian Taboo2017 Words   |  9 Pageswould have thought that it was even more necessary to limit population than property...The neglect of this subject, which in existing states is so common, is a never-failing cause of poverty among the citizens; and poverty is the parent of both revolution and crime. This quote did not come from any professional doomsayer or modern writer, or even an ecologist or a historian. Aristotle said this, though he lived in a time where the population was four percent of what it is today. People have been worriedRead More Population Growth in Perspective Essays3294 Words   |  14 PagesPopulation Growth in Perspective Introduction To anyone even remotely acquainted with the situation, the ever-expanding world population can easily be a cause of grave concern. Indeed, the simple realization that the total world population will most likely be doubling within the next century may seem to imply catastrophe. Considering the strain our current huge population puts on the world, is it not natural to presume that two times our number will spell disaster? While this is the view

Advanced Project Management AEC Industry

Question: Discuss about theAdvanced Project Managementfor AEC Industry. Answer: Introduction Project management accentuates to independent and effective way to attain set goal and intents within the AEC industry. Project management is a wide field of study and has been in used for quite long period of time dating back to early 1950s. The discipline engages more in planning, organizing, management, controlling and securing of resources in bid to attain certain goals. A project manager is defined to mean one whose responsibility is to supervise construction projects and get to achieve the desired goal. The main activities of project manager include cost reduction, timely updates of the project, quality of work, and stakeholder consideration. Procuring construction has change over time from the old method of design and built to the latest method of contracting or entering contracts with private organization to do the rest of the scope. However, no matter the kind of the construction procurement all require the sense of project management. Project management is required to make sure that the set objectives are achieved on a stated time frame. Globally, project management is appreciated as one discipline that has been used and applied in the construction industry. There has been various advancement taking place but project management has not been left out. The discipline has face tremendous transformation to what today every nation honors and appreciate with high demand. Irrespective of the fact that the project management has face various challenges most of have not lose faith in the discipline. As a matter of fact, it is one the discipline that is mostly used in the world as at now. It allows people to have their constructions needs and goals easily attained in a professionally way. The main aim of the paper is to ensure that it highlights the various strategic, tactical and operational challenges facing the modern project management profession within the architecture, engineering and construction (AEC) industry. Strategic, Tactical and Operational Challenges facing AB project Research indicates that, interviews and data collected show that there are a number of challenges facing the PM profession. First is the challenge that there is lack of proper awareness about the project management profession in most locations in the world. The interview carried showed that the PM profession is valued globally but the main issue is that there massive lack of awareness among many people. Many are still wallowing as to the PM profession thus less are undertaking the course. It is true that, the PM profession is seen as a huge assets in the construction sector but there is less done to make the profession known and embraced by in the world. This has been the key challenges as to growth and progress of Project management. Lack of awareness means among the huge population less will get to know this profession and hampering its growth and expanding across the world. Awareness means teaching and explaining how the discipline works and how it is practice in the world. Secondly, the challenge of stakeholders embracing a traditional culture. This is an issue which cannot swept under the carpet as it means a lot as to project management. Looking or having to ascribe towards certain culture means the code of conduct towards the discipline which have negative impact to the profession. The traditional culture impacts negatively to the Architecture, Engineering and Construction. This can be defined by some stakeholders embracing the traditional methods which has hindered efficient growth and promotion of AEC industry. Nothing is good as change, embracing the new ways in the industry will postulate growth and reduce challenges facing the industry. It is clear that the traditional methods of procurement are still practice in the Project management. This is a big blow to the industry because it gives a lot of work to the project manager thus leaving some goals not to be achieved. Studies show that most of top stakeholders are not willing to embrace change a s much they well understand that this is the main problem facing the industry. The traditional approach has been applied in not only construction sector but also in the engineering and the way they are managed. Traditional management has yielded negative results in the sector and denied most of the project goals to flourish and be realized. In addition, another strong an avoidable challenge is the way client behaves and lack of motivation. This has impacted negatively as the core objective of the industry is not attained. Most of the plans and objectives set go un-attained due to the reason they get no support from the right bodies and parties concern. At most time the clients are not willing to pay for their appointment and service fees. This affects the project management as those ready to work are cut short of their dreams thus ending prematurely. Most of the clients would save costs by delegating their work to project coordinators which has effect on the project management as they tend not to follow to the letter instructions thus shoddy work experienced. It is clear that parties concern are reluctant to appoint independent professionals or firms who will oversee the development and movement of the project to its success. Lastly, the challenge of lack of proper understating of project management specialization and lack of enough project management expertise. It is a huge problem that the globe faces acute shortage of professionals and technical expertise to support and deal with the problem of project management. It is a serious problem when there is lack of good professionalism attitude as this will reduce the chance of success in the industry. Again, it is of sound mind to have professional body that regulates and supports the discipline. This is to say, in case of any complaint or chances of professional laxity the body mandated will rise to the accession and deal with the issue in a professional manner. Feasible Organizational Structure for managing the AB project It is of good faith to have a cutting organizational structure that will help in the management of AB project. The management structure will start with having a strong and supportive staff. Project management for AB project demands modern knowledge and proper understanding the process of construction and design. Project AB will require a number of advantages and problems for instance beating the time frames and reducing the cost. All this need to be fulfilled by a well-defined and structured which prompts the need to draw conclusive report. The staff need to familiarize with the needs and purpose of the project. This means the project will need to have a proper computerized systems and workforce that will sustain the entire process. This can be represented diagrammatically as follows: Project Management Techniques and Tools Project management process involves four key phases viz a viz planning, project execution, project initiation, and closing the project. The project techniques involved at project initiation include; Coming up with the project team managers Developing initiation plan Detailing management procedures Laying down the project management environment Project planning Define the plan Divide into units Preliminary evaluation Tools PERTH Gant Chart Project network Construction Management Plan for Joe's Burger Joint(JBJ) Planning Permit Number: ................................................ Date Planning Permit Issued: ... Approval Stamp (Office Use only): Project details Company Operational Details .. Directors Name ... Company Name ... Company Business Address ... Company Contact Number ... Contact details of person responsible for compliance with CMP Name .. Contact Number ... After Hours Contact Number ... Contact person in control of site Name .. Contact Number ... After Hours Contact Number ... Construction works Is construction in stages? Yes No If Yes, give detail ... ... Demolition ... Excavations ... Construction ... The above details are required to be erected on the front of the site in a publically visible location. Is your Company in control of the site during this stage of work? Yes No If you answered NO only the Company in control of the site may complete and sign for responsibility of the CMP. I have due authorization and delegation to sign this CMP on behalf of the Company listed above and take responsibility for ensuring compliance with our commitment specified herein, the Local Government Act 1989, Asset Protection Local Law and any other relevant legislation. Signed. Dated Noise Overall Matters Implemented Measures Notes Noise from Machinery Reference; page 8 councils construction management plan and Guidelines Noise from workers, radios etc. Reference- 8 page construction council plan and guidelines Construction Time Table Type of Development Particulars Acknowledgement References Residential The Residential Noise Regulations prohibits the use the of tools during the following times: ? Monday to Friday before 7.00am and after 8.00pm; and ? Weekends and public holidays Before 9.00am and after 8.00pm. A Planning Permit for a residential construction site may also include conditions controlling construction Hours. A request to vary these hours must be made to Councils Statutory Planning Department at least 10 days prior to carrying out the relevant Activity. I acknowledge that a request to vary the construction hours specified within the conditions of a Planning Permit on a residential construction site must be made to Councils Statutory Planning Department at least 10 days prior to carrying out the relevant activity: Signed: Dated: Pages: Councils Construction Management Plan Guidelines to determine whether yours is a residential development Site. Commercial Commercial construction sites are controlled through Council's Amenity Local Law. Unless with a Local Law Permit, a person must not carry out non-residential building work on: ? A public holiday; ? Between 5.00pm on Friday and 8.00am the next day; ? Between 5.00pm on Saturday and 7.00am the following Monday; and ? Between 6.30pm on any Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday or Thursday and 7am the next day I acknowledge that consent is required from Councils Local Laws Department to undertake construction and/or deliveries outside of those times stated: Signed: .. Dated: Pages: Councils Construction Management Plan Guidelines to determine whether yours is a residential development Site. References Aladwani, A.M., 2001. Online banking: a field study of drivers, development challenges, and expectations. International Journal of Information Management, 21(3), pp.213-225. Damian, D.E. and Zowghi, D., 2003. RE challenges in multi-site software development organisations. Requirements engineering, 8(3), pp.149-160. Harper, C., 2015. Organizations: Structures, processes and outcomes. Routledge. Kerzner, H.R., 2013. Project management: a systems approach to planning, scheduling, and controlling. John Wiley Sons. Thomas, J. and Mengel, T., 2008. Preparing project managers to deal with complexityAdvanced project management education. International Journal of Project Management, 26(3), pp.304-315. Verzuh, E., 2015. The fast forward MBA in project management. John Wiley Sons. Walker, A., 2015. Project management in construction. John Wiley Sons.

The Brand Neutrogena Essay Example

The Brand Neutrogena Essay Neutrogena Corporation, headquartered in Los Angeles, began its success story when, in 1930, founder, Emanuel Stolaroff, started a small specialty cosmetic company called Natone. In the early years, Natone was a supplier to Beauty salons usually associated with the glamour of the film industry. By the 1940’s, Natone began manufacturing and distributing cosmetics for the retail market. In 1954 on a business trip to Europe, Stolaroff heard of an unusual soap developed by Dr. Edmond Fromont, a Belgian cosmetic chemist. Fromont’s patented formula produced an unusually mild, clear soap that rinsed quickly and easily from the skin, leaving essentially no soap residue. Eleven minutes after washing with this unique soap, the skin was able to return to its normal pH just one minute more than if it had been washed with only plain water! Hence the name, â€Å"Neutrogena. † Stolaroff believed there was a market for such a high quality soap and arranged to import and distribute the Neutrogena brand product in the United States. Setting the course for future growth, he emphasized the transparency of the soap to clearly communicate its difference. In addition, he targeted sales to new distribution channels department stores and better drug stores. By 1962, Neutrogena soap was so synonymous with the company image that the company name was officially changed to Neutrogena Corporation. Lloyd Cotsen, an integral member of the Neutrogena family, became President of the company in 1967 and made another key decision that would profoundly influence the future of the company to promote the advantages of Neutrogena soap to the medical profession. We will write a custom essay sample on The Brand Neutrogena specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Brand Neutrogena specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Brand Neutrogena specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The strong relationship between Neutrogena Corporation and dermatologists gave the company an exceptional competitive advantage. As Neutrogena gained a unique acceptance by the medical profession, a new emphasis was directed toward marketing and research efforts to create a line of safe, mild, premium quality skin care products. In 1973, the company went public and by 1980, Neutrogena entered the hair care market. Today, Neutrogena Corporation manufactures and markets a line of premium priced skin and hair care products which are distributed in more than 70 countries. The respect and credibility earned by Neutrogena Corporation led to its acquisition by Johnson amp; Johnson in 1994. As a member of the worldwide network of Johnson amp; Johnson companies, Neutrogena has the opportunity to preserve the â€Å"Neutrogenic way† while at the same time drawing on the breadth of Johnson amp; Johnson resources. Now more than ever, today’s consumers equate health with beauty, Neutrogena stands naturally poised for tremendous future growth and an ever increasing number of satisfied customers. THE BEGINNING OF NEUTROGENA’S PROMOTIONAL STARTEGY Instrumental in the design of the first marketing strategies for the Neutrogena soap was Lloyd Cotsen. A former archaeologist with a history degree from Princeton, Cotsen married Stolaroffs daughter, Joanne Stolaroff, in 1953, and then went to Harvard for his M. B. A. Beginning in 1957, he became an integral and personally invested player in the family business (he retained ownership of approximately half of Neutrogenas stock until the companys 1994 acquisition). In fact, Cotsens strategies made the soap such an important aspect of Natones business that in 1962 the company name was officially changed to Neutrogena Corporation. In 1967 Cotsen became president of the company. Neutrogenas sales in that year were approximately $3 million, with the major product being the glycerine soap. Soon after his presidency began, Cotsen created the niche marketing strategy that would shape the success of Neutrogena for almost three decades. According to Business Week, Cotsens motto has always been: Im not that smart, and I dont like competition. Priced midway between soaps like Ivory and Clinique, and positioned between elite skin-care products and mundane toiletries, Neutrogena was safe from competitive price wars waged by bigger companies for most of the companys history. Cotsen kept credibility high and marketing costs low (12 percent of sales in 1981, as compared to 20 percent at Clinique) by promoting Neutrogena soap through the cultivation of relation ships with two institutions: dermatologists and luxury hotels. Free samples left in dermatologists offices and repeated visits each year led to Neutrogenas unrivaled success in the soap market. As of 1981, a dedicated force, comprising 16 out of 66 salespersons, was assigned the sole responsibility of visiting 5,000 dermatologists each year, developing personal relationships with advocates in the profession. Similarly, one-ounce bars of Neutrogena were distributed to luxury hotels and resorts, whereCotsen theorizedbusinessmens wives would be likely to see them. Cotsen insisted that the mini-bars of Neutrogena retain the company name and logo, promoting name recognition along with the soaps unmistakable look and smell During the 1970s, the company began to explore marketing and research efforts to expand its skin care product line. Promotions for Neutrogenas new acne cleansing soap in teen publications offered a free trial-size bar. The ads proclaimed, If you have acne, we need your help, and Neutrogena asked teens to send a quarter (to cover handling) and to give the company honest answers about the success of the soap. Over 57,000 teenagers sent in their quarters, constituting the highest response in the companys history, and a newly penetrated market. In 1973 the company went public, with a market value of $11 million and the story continues†¦.. BRAND AMBASSADORS Bollywood actress Prachi Desai is the new face of international skincare brand Neutrogena in the Indian market. US-based pharmaceuticals company Johnson amp; Johnson launched Neutrogena in the Indian market on Sept 3, offering around 25 beauty items ranging from fairness creams, face cleansing lotions to sun protection and hand and body care products. Speaking about the endorsement, Prachi said: The arrival of Neutrogena in the Indian market is going to be a gift for thousands of consumers who have waited long for products that really work. The range is meant especially for the Indian skin type and the company has been testing the product for the past two years to suit Indian skins. We are bringing science to the art of beauty. For the past two years, we were understanding the needs of Indian customers because we wanted to give our consumers only the best, said Swami Raote, managing director Johnson amp; Johnson (Jamp;J), at a press conference. We are targeting mainly women living in metro cities. Therefore, our products will be available in major Indian cities and towns, he added. According to a survey, the skin care market in India is around $67 billion. This is because of the fact that women have become beauty conscious over the years. People want to look good and are concerned about fairness, ageing, blemishes in short they want to look beautiful. We have products that not only give complete solutions but also complete satisfaction as well, explained Tina Mistry, vice president of Jamp;J. The Indian skin care market is still in a nascent stage because there was a time when women were very indifferent about the way they looked. Things have changed today and young women want products that give them results, she added. The product range starts at Rs. 85 and goes up to Rs. 500. Deepika Padukone has been signed to endorse the NEUTROGENA FINE FAIRNESS range. Deepika Padukone spoke about her association with neutrogena fine FAIRNESS saying, â€Å"It is an honour to be associated with a brand like NEUTROGENA†. She joins the league of other bollywood actresses who have endorsed fairness products. She looked radiant in a peach colored strapless dress accompanied by Jamp;J’s marketing head. SALES STRATEGY The Director, Sales Strategy Neutrogena Cosmetics is responsible for leading and coordinating the efforts all brand segments within the Neutrogena Cosmetics product group and is responsible for supporting the achievement of Brand sales objectives by providing marketing strategies and action steps, analytics and insights to customer teams for the brand/category. The incumbent is responsible for delivering best-in-class strategies and marketplace approaches to maximize business results while increasing market share and growth within the categories of Neutrogena Cosmetics. The Director, Sales Strategy is accountable for overseeing the development of category strategic trade plans aligned with Marketing objectives. PACKAGING Classy new PET bottles with clear labels helped Neutrogena Corp. boost sales by more than 15% for its personal care products. And effective coordination between packaging and marketing helped realize significant savings because of the change. The Rainbath line includes body oil, shower and bath gel, and body lotion. Key steps in the packaging change included (1) creating a new proprietary bottle whose rounded shape replaced a tapered square on an older container; (2) using clear labels to let products show through and increase visual presence on store shelves MARKETING PLANS Johnson amp; Johnson, catering to the vanity needs of Generation Y, aging baby boomers and those in between, will spend more than $60 million this year behind new offerings under its Neutrogena skincare banner. The most notable of Neutrogenas new lineup: a super-specialty item, Healthy Skin Anti-Wrinkle Anti-Blemish cream, for women with pimples and wrinkles or those eager to stave off both. While acne products have long ruled at drugstore counters, they are slowly making headway into department store and specialty boutiques as more upscale lines including Estee Lauders Clinique and Origins seek ways to add incremental sales from younger buyers. Set to hit shelves in July, Jamp;J will spend $10 million on TV and print, with 60% of those ads angling for the anti-wrinkle crowd. Targeting females up to age 44, the oil-free cream contains retinol and salicylic acid (a common anti-acne ingredient) with print breaking in August beauty books, as it aims to be the first marketer to satisfy the 40% of women from 25 to 39 who have wrinkles and blemishes. Jamp;J is looking to the teen market to boost Neutrogena acne sales to $100 million from about $80 million now, backing its three new items with advertising, sampling and a back to school promotion with Fox. Neutrogena, the leading oily skin/acne care brand, which most directly competes with Jamp;Js own Clean and Clear and Andrew Jergens Biore, seems to be staying true to its heritage, positioning the newcomers as effective yet non irritating. Its Oil-Free Acne Wash Foam Cleanser, with 2% salicylic acid, will be touted for effective yet gentle acne cleaning; Clear Pore Soothing Gel Astringent, is dedicated to creating a deep clean while soothing irritated skin, with aloe and chamomile gel and 70% less alcohol than leading astringents; and Clear Pore Shine-Control Gel instantly absorbs oil, treats and prevents breakouts and control shine all day. The 19-SKU line will get $21 million in media this year, with $10 million allocated to three newcomers rolling out in late spring targeted to 12-to-24 year olds. Prices range from $5. 50-10. 50 for the acne products and under $20 for the anti-wrinkle items, to undercut competitors like Procter amp; Gambles Olay. The back-to-school promo includes a chance to win a trip to Foxs Teen Choice Awards and an opportunity to hang out with Gen Y actress Jennifer Love-Hewitt and teen pop princess Mandy Moore, who both stay on as Neutrogenas acne spokesgirls. Additional print and TV runs from June through yearend. Separate pitches to dermatologists and pediatricians are planned for the whole year, plus a 400,000 sample drop via Seventeen and Self magazines. The additional SKUs complement Neutrogenas planned spend of $30 million to launch Healthy Skin Visibly Firm night cream and eye cream (Brandweek, Dec. 4), its largest introduction on a single product. Jamp;J will tout the SKUs active cooper contentan ingredient currently not yet available in any mass productand its patented delivery system which stimulates collagen, elastin and jumpstarts the skins own abilities to repair itself. ADVERTISING Star Plus has launched an new emotional and heart warming chat show, called Tere Mere Beach Mein, which speaks about celebrities lives away from the arc lights. It premiered on August 23 at 9 pm and will air every Saturday and Sunday. Farah Khan, choreographer, scriptwriter and director, takes on a new role with this show that of a talk show host. Jamp;Js skin brand Neutrogena has joined hands with Star Plus to get a national exposure. DDB Mudra, the advertising agency for Neutrogena is leaving no stones unturned to drive the maxim mileage out of Tere Mere Beach Mein as its title sponsor. The show is treated as an innovation, which is expected to be twice as effective at reaching consumers compared to traditional advertising. An Jamp;J official explains, We are looking to get a strong foothold in an arena dominated by MNC as well as Indian brands by creating a bouquet of advertising offerings, which includes the association with Star India, which gives us the much needed boost to capitalise on. CONTESTS From around the globe : Neutrogena ® Explorers Promotion neutrogena rejuvenation getaway contest feb 23/09 Neutrogena Cosmetics Flaunt Your Inner Celebrity NEUTROGENA ® Gift Baskets Contest â€Å"Flaunt Your Inner Celebrity† Contest Neutrogena Fresh Faces of Music Sweepstakes Neutrogenas Facebook Contest! PRIZES There are five unique travel experiences to be awarded are: A) A tale of three cities – A two-week trip to Egypt, India and China to explore the cities of Cairo, Delhi and Tianjin, with a professional local guide. B) Island hopping in the Arctic: –A two-week tour of the islands of northern Norway, deep within the arctic circle, activities include a winter safari to spot reindeers and polar bears in their natural habitat, sea-fishing with Norwegian Fishermen and exploring Viking life in Nordland. C) Ceylon and Celebrations in Sri-Lanka –A two-week tour of Sri-Lanka includes a visit to Kandy for the Esala Perahera festival before transferring to the Peradeniya (tea-country) D) Planes, trains and automobiles through Canada –A tour of Canada’s west coast taken by rail, motorcoach and ferry. E) A culture-vultures guide to Europe –A two-week European rail adventure, departing from London and staying for three nights in each of the following cities: Paris, Venice, Rome and Milan. RESEARCH To introduce Neutrogena Norwegian Formula ® Deep Moisture range, Neutrogena conducted extensive research : *Upper layer of the epidermis **Consumer In Use Test GfK Customer Research, France, 2009 142 women. 87% of women reported long-lasting moisturisation** The unique fast-absorbing, non-sticky formula is proven to penetrate 10 layers deep* and lock moisture in immediately providing 24 hour moisturisation. 96% of women experienced immediate moisturisation** Whether you suffer from dry skin, or just need extra hydration when the weather changes, Deep Moisture is the ideal everyday body moisturising solution. 92% reported absolutely no greasy after-feel** This means that you can moisturise and get dressed straight away – good for when you’re getting ready in a hurry! CONCLUSION The brand Neutrogena launched with a big bang which brought about huge awareness among the urban women. Working together with expert dermatologists for over 25 years, these products are clinically proven to deliver real results. Wide varieties of products are appealing to consumers and bring about huge competition to other brands especially with large number of advertisements and brand ambassadors. These products are divided into three categories of men, women and teens but some international varieties are yet to be launched in India. But in general the linage of Neutrogena is very impressive and it is here to stay!! (Example of a complete range offered at a discounted price on its website. ) BIBLIOGRAPHY www. neutrogena. com Brandweek magazine Indo-Asian News Service www. wikipedia. org www. google. com The Bombay Times THANK YOU

Tales Of A Shaman free essay sample

# 8217 ; s Apprentice Essay, Research Paper In Chapter 3 of Narratives of a Shaman s Apprentice, Plotkin s usage of long lists, elaborate descriptions, and analysis forces us to understand the value of his expedition because these kept up secrets in the rain forest have legion possibilities as medical specialties which are in demand right now in our universe. Mark Plotkin negotiations about many workss that serve as healing merchandises. These workss can be found in the jungle and used for all sorts of different strivings or diseases. From page 70 to page seventy-one, he is sing with the Maroons in Suriname and gets his first lesson larning the common names of common workss. He talks about agrobigi, fire liana, mispel, jarakopi, konsaka wiwiri, mokomoko, and the herb found turning at the border of a trail. In this scene, he, like us, is a pupil and is acquiring his first gustatory sensation of ethnobotany. We will write a custom essay sample on Tales Of A Shaman or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Plotkin introduces this transition by conveying up his first lesson, which is taught by his usher Fritz von Troon. Fritz and Mark hiking into the jungle located at the border of the Suriname small town. During this first lesson, Mark tries to larn Fritz s linguistic communication and his workss. He senses something particular about the manner Fritz and other Maroons related to their milieus. It is so that Mark no longer fears the jungle as he one time did during his stay in Gallic Guiana. As Mark and Fritz wander through the jungle, Mark begins to larn the common names of some of the common workss. The first was a immense tree with thick buttress roots and ruddy bark. The bark of this tree, agrobigi, is brewed into a tea and rummy to handle febrilities. Plotkin begins to inquire about the simpleness of the name agrobigi. He recalls an early publication where Surinamese vegetations, kakabrokoe, was doubted as a intervention for irregularity because literally translated, the name avera ge crap in your bloomerss. Often times phytologists were fanatic in their note pickings or wholly baffled by the local linguistic communication. After walking for several hours, Fritz and Plotkin halt for tiffin. Fritz injures himself on fire liana, which he had encountered one time earlier in Gallic Guiana. Fritz comes to his deliverance by making a paste from a little herb with bright green foliages. He rolls the foliages together into a cylindrical form, and crushes them into a thick green paste. Fritz rubs this paste onto Mark s lesion and by the clip they had finished with tiffin, the hurting and inflammation went off. As the continued on into the jungle, Fritz continued to indicate out mending workss. They came across a triangular-leaved mispel herb that can be eaten to handle gonorrhoea, and the foetid wood of the jarakopi tree which can brewed into a tea that can alleviate febrilities. Plotkin learns about the green cordate foliages of a delicate small herb called konsaka wi wiri, which is used from caput to toe as intervention for concerns and jocks foot. The sap of the mokomoko, a bush with foliages shaped like arrowheads, if dripped into cuts and other lesions can stem the blood flow, but it burns when applied. But the most challenging works was a little green herb, the discovery growth at the border of a trail. The works s visual aspect was lead oning for it gave no indicant of its healing potency. When made into a tea and intoxicated twice twenty-four hours, Thursday is works can bring around diabetes. Plotkin uses this list manner to demo that in one twenty-four hours entirely, he found remedies to many common complaints. There are many workss that no one even knows exist which can function our demands. He besides uses a list to give us direct facts and information. Description is used to put the reader right at that place following to him larning the Surinamese workss. In this scene, he is Fritz s pupil and we are Plotkin s pupils. Plotkin describes each works in item, what it looks like, where it is found, and what it can make to give us a image of what it looks like. This shows us that Plotkin is being highly observative, doing certain that nil is overlooked, so that he will non hold to inquire Fritz or any other native once more. He tells us what he sees so that we know what it is he is speaking about. In school, a instructor would depict the cause, effects, events, and people involved in the war. The instructor would non merely give the name of the war and go forth it at that . Lapp goes for Plotkin. He is seeking to set us in his places. By fascinating us with a list and depicting in item the workss he observes, he does more than merely pull the reader in ; he puts us at that place right following to him on this expedition. Plotkin besides gives us an analysis of what these workss can make and how they can be used to handle complaints that we suffer from every twenty-four hours. The jungle and rain forest are more than what they seem. It is really a pharmaceutics that can function the demands of people all over the universe. In a manner it seems as if this pharmaceutics has been kept a secret from everyone. Plotkin writes about these workss because these finds affect the audience. Everyone knows person who has suffered from a concern, cut, or burn. The reader or audience can understand why Plotkin is seeking for these workss. The audience can see that his grounds are practical. His purpose is to assist the human race. Since these secrets are rapidly deceasing with the seniors of these little folks, Plotkin takes it upon himself to continue the cognition. These natural medical specialties can likely bring around better than any man- made medical specialty. There is an copiousness of natural remedies yet our universe chooses to utilize man-made remedies that does non even compare following to 1s created by nature. From the analysis, the reader is able to use these finds to his or her ain life. The reader is able to see the value of Plotkin s expedition and how it can assist him or her. Mark Plotkin s usage of lists, descriptions, and analysis puts the reader right at that place with him in Suriname. He is a pupil soaking up the environment and larning the rudimentss. And he learns something new from Fritz, the reader excessively learns. Plotkin knows that the Suriname civilization, like other native civilizations, is disappearing. Knowledge, like the one acquired by Plotkin on his expedition, can be preserved and it will populate on. These secrets of the rain forest can be used to assist the people of our universe who suffer from things every bit simple as a febrility or every bit complicated as diabetes. One twenty-four hours it is besides possible that an complaint, which has no remedy soon, can easy be cured by a works that we neer expect to offer a remedy. Thankss to Plotkin these small secrets will non decease with the atrophy of the natives civilization.

buy custom The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act essay

buy custom The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act essay Since its enactment in 1996, The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act have had a profound impact in various domains of the United States healthcare system. Its main role is to protect the privacy of protected health information. This law establishes guidelines that control the sharing of protected health information. Chemical dependency counselors, just like other health professionals collect medical information as well as demographic information from individuals who use their services. This information is classified as Protected Healthcare Information (PHI) which contains individually identifiable health information (Root, 2002). PHI includes demographic information such as an individuals contacts, address, national security number, gender and date of birth in addition to healthcare information. PHI can be communicated in any form; written, spoken, electronically, etc. This paper expresses my views on the HIPPA rules apply to documentation in the field of chemical dep endency counseling. Client record The HIPPA rules require that counselors establish and maintain a client record for every client at the instance of first service delivery. The client record should contain demographic information that identifies the client. After the initial service delivery, the counselor should record the assessment results which include the diagnosis, the clients statement of their problem and the care plan. Further, there should be documentation of all services provided and their times, duration, delivery modes and the state of the client during the time of services discontinuation. There are requirements that counselors maintain a record of al payments received form clients and the charges billed to the counselors (Krager Krager, 2008). These entries should be authenticated. In the case of electronic records, a digital authentication key should be used to authenticate the records. Corrections of entries are required to be marked through with a single line and signed by the counselor. In my view, the stringent record keeping requrements are necessary to avoid documentation problems in the course of the counselors engagement with a client. These rules ensure that documentations are accurate and reflect on the actual situation. Inaccurate documentation is potentially detrimental to the success of a clients treatment plan. In situations where a change of counselor occurs, accurate information should be passed to the next counselor. In case of inaccurate documentation, the counseling plan can be wrongly administered to the client resulting into wastage of time, resources and efforts. Worse still, the customer is left in a worse state than he/she was in before the counseling sessions. The problem of improper documentation is especially harmful to the chemical dependency counseling field due to the nature of psychological treatment plans that require good planning and continuity. Privacy protection HIPAA rules require that the counselor protects client information from unauthorized disclosure. The HIPAA rules stipulate that the client and the counselor have to sign HIPAA agreement papers before commencement of their sessions. The papers are a statement of privacy practices of the facility where the counselor operates. This statement specifies how the counselor can use the information provided in the clients personal file. It also specifies third parties that are allowed to use this information, if any. The counselor and medical staff under him/her are required to sign the agreement at least once annually as an assurance of their awareness of privacy laws, their understanding of the same and their readiness to upholding these laws. In my view, the protection of privacy as provisioned in the HIPAA laws is very important to the client and the entire medical fraternity. Ensuring that this information is only used for the correct purposes that do not jeopardize the normality of clients life is of paramount importance. If shared, chemical dependency issues might lead to unfair discriminations from various quarters of life such as employment and education. People with addictions can be helped out of their preddicaments with proper counseling and guidance. It is therefore unfair to expose such persons to discriminatory treatment that might result from sharing of their personal and medical information. Therefore the HIPAA rules are important in protecting people with chemical dependency issue. They ensure that such people are protected by the law and they get a chance to live just like other people while dealing with their addiction problems. Other issues surrounding HIPAA In addition to client record and protection of private information, there are other issues surrounding HIPAA laws and chemical dependency counseling services. The requirement that counselors keep all the client data helps in coordination of that clients healthcare with other specialists if need when need arises. Such coordination would not be quick enough and efficient if proper client records are not properly kept. This is also helpful in sharing of information with family and friends, and other people that clients deem necessary. There is a need to ensure that HIPAA rules do not hinder the sharing of medical and personal information where it is necessary to do so for various reasons. For instance, a family discovered that their old neighbor was exhibiting signs of mental breakdowns. On taking him to the hospital, treatment was administered to him and since his neighbors were not legally allowed to access his health and personal information, they had to leave him under the care of healthcare providers. With time they could not trace the old man, and despite their goodwill, they were kept away from helping their old neighbor. I therefore find it necessary for HIPAA laws to be amended to allow such concerned parties have access to specific client information, as long as their sincerity can be verified. In conclusion, I believe that the documentation requirements as imposed by the HIPAA rules are largely beneficial, not only to the client but also to other concerned parties. It enhances quick and efficient counseling services and privacy protection for chemical dependency counseling services. Buy custom The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act essay

Plagiarism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 2

Plagiarism - Essay Example Such practice can never be totally prevented but there are ways individuals could minimize this (Oxford Brookes University). As students, we should aim to learn and not rely on easy solutions like copying another person’s paper rather, should think that in working on one’s paper, the student improves or even discovers his/her skills and abilities. While one may really write the paper, some practices might not be undertaken during the process that could lead to plagiarism like not referencing and others aforementioned. For students to avoid this then, they are advised to manage their time so as not to cram and copy other’s works which could be the easiest solution. While looking for references, it would be advisable to take notes using one’s own words, keeping a list of sources and documenting the references (Caroll, 2004). Probably the strongest influence would be to cling to what is right, that which is in line with the law. Institutions on the other hand can also perform their part by giving clear instructions to students regarding their works considering other students might not know what referencing means or they do not know how to go about the paper. Carol advises teachers to give different tasks for students, to prevent them from copying from each other and comparing their works and also change the writing styles so that they will have second thoughts of buying essays from the internet. In doing this and imposing punishments to those who would be caught committing the crime, students would think of keeping their dignity and learn the hard way (Oxford Brookes University). Caroll, Jude. November, 2004. Deterring, Detecting and Dealing with Plagiarism: A Brief Paper for Brookes Staff for Academic Integrity Week. Oxford Brookes University. Retrieved from:

Assignment scenario Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Assignment scenario - Essay Example While the nurse has factual justification for the enforcement of her recommendation, is it possible that her apparent commitment to the health and welfare of the patient cannot be achieved by the disregard of her wishes? DEONTOLOGY One might argue that to care for the body in a way that yields emotional distress is self-defeating; What then, are the rules by which we can standardize the 'goodness' of an action or philosophy? Deontological ethics (deontology) is an obligation-centric ethical theory. Duty and rule-adherence are essential in that ethics, when anchored by rules and obligation connect the person with his or her duties. Deontologists may also follow a belief of moral absolutism, outcomes themselves become irrelevant; only duty, rule-adherence that can give us a basis for final moral arbitration. Combining these views, actions yielding positive outcomes but not resulting from strict adherence to a pre-existing code of conduct cannot be morally justifiable - regardless of ho w good it seems in retrospect. Ergo, if compelling the compression bandages is following a pre-ordained obligatory behavioral code, then the outcome of preventing swelling and sores is irrelevant, as is the outcome of the widow's displeasure. So long as the Nurse acts according to a protocol. The case of Ruth Symonds as pertaining to the implementation of Modern Medical Ethics. TELEOLOGY By contrast, Teleological beliefs and philosophies are outcome-based, or outcome justified. This principle can extend not only to philosophies as they inform decision making, but the natural sciences as well. Hanke, (2004) A tiger has stripes because stripes are needed for a tiger to live and hunt in the way that tigers live and hunt; therefore striped tigers are inevitable. But this does not inform the investigator as to the ultimate origins of behaviors or adaptations, and thus would not permit future investigators to extrapolate that observation into further predictions. It would then become nece ssary to devise an explanation whereby the root causes of the tigers' need for stripes and the consequences thereof are elucidated in terms of differential survival outcomes; before said stripes ever appeared. In the writings of Aristotle, the premise of teleology is expounded upon as a unifying meta-principle that he uses to apply holistic meaning to the forms seen within nature. All that exists must be whole and functional within the purvey of ultimate purpose; a purpose which he held to be human benefit. Schindler, (1986) But subsequent generations of scientific thinkers would be able to demonstrate the incompleteness of that presumption. While it is true that wheat may be very beneficial for human consumption, and that oxen may be advantageous as a source of cheap, brute force for human-guided industry, what of disease? The Smallpox virus is perfectly adapted to infect and proliferate amongst humans, and can only survive inside of a human being; does humankind exist solely for t he benefit of the Smallpox virus? Broader considerations like this must be kept in mind for anyone that adopts a presumptuous, just-so opportunistic teleology. It is difficult to entirely purge this kind of circularity from the field of biology, but attempts are being made by some biologists to remove assumptive references to a 'blind watchmaker', that presupposes final

Argue for or against identifying one's race or cultural identify on Essay

Argue for or against identifying one's race or cultural identify on documents such as census forms, college applications, studen - Essay Example The truth is, the concept of race has been a damaging concept within Western society and the way in which we define race is an irrational foundation for the different experiences that people have within the United States. Therefore, the concept of indicating a ‘race’ on a public form such as a census form, college application, student loan, or scholarship application is a continuation of an antiquated and unenlightened form of thinking which depreciates the overall value of society. The basis for defining race is founded on the color of skin. There are a variety of other factors that contribute to creating indicators of race, but the basic concept is defined by the color of a person’s skin. In an expanded capacity, the color of the skin is then combined with physical attributes that are associated with regional ethnic markers that create physically similar characteristics. From the point of view of social standing, race is further defined by similar ancestral back grounds, such as African founded heritages that form the group that is called African American, or Black. However, race is a complicated concept because of the multi-racial aspects of heritage that make up the history of most people within the United States. Therefore, because a skin color appears to be of one race or another, that becomes the founding principal on which race is determined.

Key factors influencing online shopping

Key factors influencing online shopping This study is done as it is to fulfill the MKT662, Industrial Training Report for final year student of Bachelor in Business Administration (Hons) Marketing from University Teknologi Mara (UiTM), Kota Kinabalu Campus. This study aims to establish preliminary assessment, evaluation and understanding of the key factors that driving or influencing consumers in Kota Kinabalu to shop through online. This study also will also differentiate the characteristics between public and private servants in the context of online shopping besides will reveal the correlation between demographic characteristics towards the key factors identified. This study will be a very useful for local businesses to get more information about the virtual marketplace trend in Kota Kinabalu before engaging into online businesses. 1.2 BACKGROUND OF STUDY The importance of the Internet as an advertising medium has generated a lot of attention in recent years where there are a lot of businesses have been using the internet in their marketing activities and somehow driving consumers all the way through the process and eventually persuading them to shop online (Goodwin, 1999) . Study on the adoption of internet activities by consumers has been done by many researchers. For example study done by E-revolution (2000) ; Haque A. et al., (2006) and Zhou et al., (2007), these study reported generally that internet activities are increasing over the year and expected to continue growing globally. Besides these study also reveals that businesses nowadays are ready enough to bring their businesses operation online. Moreover, Zhou et al., (2007) also summarized that the ability of internet users to shop online has also significantly improved from 16% to 32% since March 2001. As in Malaysia, according to Lee (2000), the internet become a virtual places where people share their ideas, build communities, shape the future democratically, and promote a new way of doing business. Moreover, the study stated that the web has become the worlds biggest shopping mall that allows local businesses to do their business with low cost involved, but yet covering global market. By looking back at the early stage of online activity in Malaysia, the year 1995 was considered as the beginning of Internet age. Back to the year 2000, it is reported that only 7% of the population was registered as Internet subscribers and only 701,000 units of total number of computer sold (Lee, 2000). As the competition in e-commerce is increasing nowadays (Haque A., et al., 2006), it becomes more important for online retailers to understand consumer acceptance of online shopping activities and what makes them to do so (Zhou, et al, 2007). Supported by Goodwin, (1999), Wu., (2003); Kolsaker, et al., (2004) ; Khatibi, et al., (2006), examining these factors are crucial as it has been suggested that they play an important part in determining the success or failure of online shopping business. Despite a host of studies on online shopping, there is no specific research done on the subject matter in Kota Kinabalu which contributes to lack understanding on the keys factors that influence customer to shopping online in the area. In short, this study will investigate the keys factors that facilitate customer from Kota Kinabalu willingness to purchase online and for the purpose of this study, few factors will be identify from the literature review and however, only the most dominant factors will be examine. 1.3 SCOPE OF STUDY This study will specifically examine and indentify the factors that directly and indirectly influence consumer the most specifically in Kota Kinabalu on purchasing decision through online. Researcher will also look into the demographic characteristic such as age, income level, profession, ethnic etc- of online users to be related to the identified keys factors influencing customer to shopping online. The research will be using data gather from selected samples which will include both career individual which includes both public and private servant in order to avoid of having bias data and maintain quality of the data besides to cooperates with time constrains. 1.4 PROBLEM STATEMENT At its core, the mission of marketing is to attract and retain customers. To accomplish this goal, a traditional brick and mortar marketer uses variety of marketing variables to satisfy current and new customers. As for online retailers, it is important for them to have a good understanding of the marketplace for their products and their target customers before engaging themselves in online retailing. Previous researchers found out that there is a rapid rise in the number of PCs as well as growth in the proportion of PCs hooked up to the internet each year which contribute to the growth in e-commerce in Malaysia (Legard, 1998). Despite the high potential of online shopping in Malaysia, however, there is no specific research done on the subject matter and its potential impact on local businesses (Kota Kinabalu area). Knowing the concept of bringing stores to shoppers instead of shoppers to stores is not enough to be success in online businesses. Precise and deep understanding of key f actors is critical to help online retailers and entrepreneurs to develop more effective and targeted online retail operations that will meet the requirements and expectations of their new online shopping customers. Therefore, this study aims to examine the key factors that influence current users of online shopping in Kota Kinabalu to shop online and in the same time assessing, evaluating and understand the characteristics of online shoppers in Kota Kinabalu. 1.5 RESEARCH OBJECTIVES The objective of conducting this study includes; To identify the critical factors that would influencing customer to shop through online. To investigate the differences on the between public and private sector shopping online adoption. 1.6 RESEARCH QUESTIONS In order to reach the objectives of this study, there are three (3) critical issues encountered. These issues are formed into questions that need to be answered. These issues including; What would the factors influence customers in Kota Kinabalu to shop online? What are the main characteristics of the customers who shop online? Are there any differences between public and private sectors employees in shopping online context? By having for the answer of these questions will help the local businesses to have better understanding on characteristic of the online customer especially factors benefits that make them buy products or services through online shopping, as well as their products or services preferences bought from online stores. In general, by having these question answered, this study will reveal the trend of online shopping in Kota Kinabalu. 1.7 IMPORTANCE OF STUDY 1.6.1 Local Businesses Planning on expanding businesses is not an easy job to be done. There are a lot of parts and divisions a business have to take into account especially when a business considering to go online. Therefore, this study will help local businesses to have a better understanding on the customers attitudes, characteristics and preferences shopping online besides guiding the local businesses to utilize the existing advanced technologies in operating their business and go global. 1.6.2 The Consumers This study can help consumers to have a better understanding on the advantages and disadvantages to shop online besides identifying a new way of shopping channel. This study also will provide information on products and services preferred to be purchased through online store which eventually will help consumer to make online purchases. 1.6.3 The Academicians This study will help to enhance researchers to conduct more study regarding the subject matter as it is more focus on the factors that influencing customers to shop online instead of traditional way of shopping. This study will provide the academicians with new information of online shopping trend in Kota Kinabalu specifically besides helping to enhance other researcher to do in depth review pertaining on the consumers attitudes towards adopting this new shopping channel. CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW AND THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK 2.1 LITERATURE REVIEW In this chapter, relevant literature and research related to the scope of study will be reviewed and analysed to structure this study to present research findings in subsequent chapters. The current literature on consumer online purchasing decisions has mainly concentrated on identifying the factors which influence customer to engage in online shopping in order to truly ascertain what factors influence the online shopping activity adoption in Kota Kinabalu. Study done by Margherio (1998) mentioned about E-commerce which cover any commercial transaction that is effected via electronic means, including such means as facsimile, telex, electronic data interchange (EDI), the Internet, and the telephone. Inter Agency Task Force on Electronic Commerce, IATFEC (1997) on the other hand define E-Commerce as All form of business transactions conducted over public and private computer networks. It is based on electronic processing and transmission of data, text, sound and video. E-Commerce includes transactions within a global Information Economy such as electronic trading of goods and services, online delivery of digital content, electronic funds transfer, electronic share trading, electronic bills of lading, commercial auctions, collaborative designs, engineering and manufacturing, online sourcing, public procurement, direct consumer marketing and after sales service. It includes both products (consumer goods, specialised medical equipment) and s ervices (information services, financial and legal services, traditional services) and new activities (virtual malls). It involves the application of multimedia technologies in the automation and redesign of transactions and workflow, aimed at increasing businesses competitiveness In adopting the above definitions, it is involvement of face to face communication between consumers (Internet users) and companies (Internet sellers) via computer networks to facilitate any kind of commerce transaction (browsing or purchasing products or services) easier, faster and cheaper electronically beyond traditional geographical boundary (Norazah M. S, et al., 1997) while the term online shopping according to Ton˜ ita Perea y Monsuwe, et al., (2004) defined as the use of online stores by consumers up until the transactional stage of purchasing and logistics. Study by Shwu-Ing Wu (2003) reported that a persons buying choices are influenced by four major psychological factors: motivation, perception, learning and beliefs and attitude and through motivation, perception, and learning, attitudes are formed and consumers make decisions. Some researchers categorized influence factors into internal and external factors (Kaufman-Scarborough K, 2002 and Shwu-Ing Wu, 2003). Based on the idea, consumer purchase behavior is influenced strongly by cultural, social, personal, and psychological characteristics (Bellman, et al., 1999). The internal factors are including beliefs and attitudes, learning, motives and needs, personality, perception, and values and the external influences upon consumer behavior includes demographic, economic, social, situational and technological factors (Shwu-Ing Wu, 2003). In Malaysia context, study on Internet users are in abundance (Ramayah and Jantan, 2003; Ismawati and Ainin, 2004). However, there have been few studies carried out to understand their online purchasing behavior for example Haque A., et al., (2006); Ainin S., et al., (2005) and Razinah H. et al., (2009). Thus, the main objective of this study is to examine the key factors that influencing online shopping in Kota Kinabalu specifically. Study done by Taylor Nelson Sofres, (2001) found that the penetration of Malaysians shopping online, i.e. people who bought or ordered goods and services online in 2000, 1% of the total adult population in Malaysia which according to the study is corresponded to 4% of the Internet users in the country at that time. There is high demand among Malaysians Internet users conducting online shopping due to Ecommerce provide enormous of consumers worldwide potential benefits (Ainin S., et al., 2005) and study have shown that many consumers have started to shop their desired products online (Sefton, 2000). This shows that online shopping is highly accepted by the consumers (Swaminathan, et al., 1999 ; Rowley J., 2000 ; Ainin S., et al., 2005 ; Zhou, et al., 2007 ). Interestingly, in Malaysia context, Ainin S., et al., (2005) found that females were the dominant Internet shopper than males which contradict to the study done by Adeline Chua, et al., (2006). While according to study done in different market by Gupta et al., (1995) ; Haque et al., (2007) and Zhou et al., (2007) on the basis of Stafford, et al., (2004) and Susskind (2004), these researchers found that man tend to make more purchases online compare to women. Zhou, et al., (2007) reported that consumer involved in online shopping are mostly university graduates, aged 35 years old and below, have full-time job, earning monthly personal income of between RM2000 RM5000 and mostly single. This supports the study done by Shwu-Ing Wu, (2003) and Ainin S., et al., (2005) on the demographic profiles of online shopper. Another issue on online shopping from the previous literature is the characteristic of products and services can be marketed online (Peterson, et al., 1997 ; Legard, 1998 ; Klein, 1998) which according to these researchers, there are two types of product and services marketed online and it is highly depends on the characteristics of the products and services to be able marketed online. We are now seeing the emergence of an important new medium for commerce (Ainin S., et al., 2005 ; Adeline Chua, et al., 2006 and Zhou, et al., 2007). However, in Malaysia especially, even though sales growth rate suggests that the number of online consumers is growing however most research findings do not conclusively determine which key factors that influence consumer the most to shop online ( Ramayah and Jantan, 2003; Ismawati and Ainin, 2004). Examining these factors is important as it has been suggested that they play an important part in determining the success or failure of online shopping business (Goodwin, 1999 ; Wu, 2003; Kolsaker, et al., 2004; Khatibi, et al., 2006). Studies have been done to investigate consumer acceptance of online shopping from the perspectives of technology acceptance whereby the perspective prescribes that beliefs about ease of use and usefulness of a technology predict attitudes towards the technology and subsequent acceptance and use, for example by Sejin Ha and Leslie S., (2008). Bruner and Kumar, (2005) however, suggests that beliefs on trust and enjoyment are among the key factors that influencing consumer acceptance of online shopping. While Hoffman and Novak, (1996) developed more abstract concept on the relevant context for example shopping values, quality of information, system quality, enjoyment, perceived usefulness and ease of use- in order to improve predictions about purchase behavior. Factors that also influenced customer to shop online is product variety (Wolfinbarger, M. and Mary Gilly, 2001 ; Ainin Sulaiman, et al., 2005 ; Adeline Chua, et al., 2006) which categorized into good selection and wider availability of product choices offered by online stores. Online retailers are able to provide a wide range and assortments of products as compared to traditional channels simply because there is no physical space limit on the number of products that online retailers can display on their online storefronts (Delafrooz et al., 2009). Furthermore, the number of online stores that consumers are able to visit online compared to far physical stores, thus, exceeds the number of providing them with a wider selection of products to choose from (Harn et al., 2006). A survey by Ernst and Young (2000) also reported that one of the reasons why consumers use the internet is because of good product selection. Hyo-Joo Han, et al., (2006) found that product variety and quality of product pictures were observed to more important. Indeed, easy access to an abundance of current and detailed information on products and services facilitates comparison shopping, aid in product selection and enables consumers to make more informed decisions (Adeline Chua, et al., 2006). Furthermore, the Internet users could receive more attractive sales promotional offers from Internet sellers and also through individual e- mail accounts (Norazah M. S. et al., 2002) Consumer willingness to spend online also influence by privacy factor whereby online consumers are unwilling to reveal personal information over the web, despite assurances given by online merchants (Wolfinbarger, Mary and Mary Gilly, 2001; Ainin Sulaiman, et al., 2005). To most of the consumers, the issue of security and privacy over the internet is the most overwhelming barrier facing the online shopping adoption process that caused them not to make any purchase on the Internet (Norazah et al., 2002 ; Janice Tsai et al., 2007). Smith, et al., (1996) outlined four dimensions of privacy concerns for organizational practices which include collection of personal information, unauthorized secondary use of personal information, errors in personal information, and improper access to personal information. According to Malhotra, et al., (2004), the dimensions of concern refer to the collection of personal information, the control over the use of personal data, and the awareness of privacy practices and uses of personal information. Janes et al., 1997 reported that consumers tend to be more comfortable providing sensitive information in a realm where they can see with whom they are dealing, revisit the physical location of the business if necessary, and thus, exert a perceived amount of control over the situation besides want to be assured that their communication and transactions will remain secured and private (Hoffman et al., 1999; Ainin Sulaiman, et al., 2005). Janice Tsai et al., (2007) in their study found that, people will tend to purchase from merchants that offer more privacy protection and people even willing to pay for a premium to purchase from such merchants. Kargaonkar and Smith (1986) ; Swaminathan, et al., (1999) ; Bellman, et al., (1999) ; Elliot and Fowell (2001) ; Eastin (2002), found that consumers who are primarily motivated by convenience are more likely to make purchases online. These authors proposed those consumers who have interface with the net and who are more time-constrained tend to buy online more frequently. According to Bellman, et al., (1999), wired lifestyle consumers are consumers that use the internet as a routine tool to receive and send emails, to do their work, to read news, to search for information or for recreational purposes. Their routine use of the Internet for other purposes leads them to naturally use it as a shopping channels as well (Bellman, et al., 1999). Similarly, McGann (2004) also reported that the main reason why consumers shop online is because it is convenience. It is said to be the major factors that motivates consumers to shop online. Charles D., et al., (2002) also found that Internet shopp ing is convenient however it is never replace actual shops. For years, information search has been one of the main marketing research topics (Kulviwat et al., 2004). Information is an important resource for consumers shop online especially for goal-directed fashion type of consumer (Wolfinbarger, M. and Mary Gilly, 2001). According to the study, the availability of information is one of the reasons that many buyers view search and purchase online as a utilitarian activity and it is consistent with the finding by Ainin Sulaiman et al., (2005). As noted by Bakos (1997) Internet search enables consumers to reduce imperfect information about products. The study also supported by Rha (2002) where it were stated that consumers can easily find information about other consumers experiences of products through internet. The internet is a medium to search for product specification and product prices as well. In addition to product information, price was a piece of information that was usually sought by consumers (Wolfinbarger, Mary and Mary Gilly, 2001). Brynjolfsson and Smith (1999) found that prices online are 8 to 15 percent lower than the prices for comparable products in traditional retail outlets. According to McGann (2004), Ainin Sulaiman et al. (2005), Adeline Chua et al., (2006), competitive prices and deals offered by online retailers are one of the dominant factors that influence consumers to shop online. Rowley (2000) reported that the Internet is the most powerful search medium for products, services, and most other types of information because it lowers both search cost and search time. Therefore, by referring to the available literature, factors that might influence customer to shop online can be conclude as widespread of product choices or product variety (Delhagen, 1997 ; Wolfinbarger, Mary and Mary Gilly, 2001 ; Ainin Sulaiman, et al., 2005 ; Adeline Chua, et al., 2006); enjoyment factors (Wolfinbarger, Mary and Mary Gilly, 2001 ; Bruner and Kumar, 2005); privacy factor (Wolfinbarger, M. and Mary Gilly, 2001; Norazah et al., 2002 ; Ainin Sulaiman, et al., 2005 ; Janice Tsai et al., 2007) which become one of the main concern to shop online; convenience factors (Kargaonkar and Smith, 1986 ; Swaminathan, et al., 1999 ; Bellman, et al., 1999 ; Elliot and Fowell 2001; Eastin, 2002 ; Chen and Chang, 2003 ; McKinney, 2004); product information factor (Wolfinbarger, M. and Mary Gilly, 2001 ; Rha, 2002 ; Ainin Sulaiman et al., 2005 ) and prices factor (Margherio, 1998 ; Strauss and Frost, 1999 ; Rowley, 2000 ; McGann, 2004 ; Ainin Sulaiman et al., 2005). As stated in Delafrooz et al., (2009), consumers who value the convenience, prices and wider selection of Internet shopping tend to purchase more online and more often. Even though wider selection or product variety also mentioned as one of the major factors, for the purpose of this study, as regards to the time constraint, researcher will only focus on two most dominant factors from all the factors identified which are the convenience factor and price factors. Thus, these two (2) factors are further discussed below; CONVENIENCE By referring to the studies done before, the main factors customer shop online is that it is more convenient than to shop in-store which also supported in current study by Delafrooz et al., (2009). Convenience reflects ease access of information about product, provision of in-depth information, ease of ordering product, potential for money saving, and timely delivery. (Mathieson 1991 ; Bruner Hensel, 1996 ; Turban et al., 2002 ; Gurvinder and Zhaobin, 2005 ; Hui et al., 2006). Convenience is the most prominent factor that motivates consumers to shop through the internet. In this study, convenience which refer to 24-hour availability of online storefront (time saving) and accessibility from almost any location (less moving) have been found to be significant explanatory factors for Internet shopping adoption (Karayanni, 2003) and also provides consumers with a powerful alternative channel for making purchases (Delafrooz et al., 2009). These factors (time saving and less moving) will be taken into account as part of convenience factor. As contradict to the studies saying that convenience is the most prominent factor that motivates consumers to shop through the internet, study done by Razinah H. et al., (2009) reported that although the net offer convenience in shopping, online shopping, assurance in payment and lots of information, some group of online users are still reluctant to shop online even though these group of online users have limited time allocated for shopping due to their hectic daily life. PRICE Price in this study refers to the market value, or agreed exchange value, that will purchase a definite quantity, weight, or other measure of a good or service. Price of product offered online is one of the major factor that influencing customer to engage in online shopping and this supported by the finding in McGann, 2004. The idea is the simplest reason for consumers to buy through the internet is to save money from the cheaper prices offered by online retailers compared to traditional retailers. Contradict to the study by Brynjolfsson and Smith (1999), study by Lee (1997) and Bailey (1998) found that products are sold at higher prices in the Internet channel compared to physical channels. Clay, K. et al., (2001) reported it may be due to unobserved quality variation. Rowley (2000) stated in his study that, online retailers usually are able to offer cheaper prices because of the shrinking cost of information processing, lower operating cost and global reach provided by Internet. In addition, Strauss and Frost (1999) also identified the ease of comparing price as one of the most important factors to online shopping. To some extent, according to Clay, K., et al., (2001) price of online product has positive relationship with the availability and widespread of information. Conventionally, shoppers will make comparisons and always go for the best value for price products (Ainin Sulaiman et al., 2005). Hanson (1999) reported the main reason that cheaper prices are offered to online shoppers is because of competitive pressure, especially from new online retailers. Study by John P. and Jackie L. (2001) found that even though more than half respondents mentioned price of the product or service as the primary factor when they consider buying on the Internet, however to some extend it would cost more to buy from online store than purchasing it from physical retail store. Customer expressed concern associated with high shipping cost, high pricing, lack of opportunity to examine the product prior to purchase, confidentiality of credit card and purchased information also mentioned in the study by Razina H. et al., (2009) on the basis of study done by Goldstein and Oconner, (2000). 2.2 THEORITICAL FRAMEWORK Based on the existing literature connected directly to the scope of this study, there are few factors identified to have significant effect towards online shopping namely convenience, price, product variety, widespread of product information and etc. However, only two the most dominant factors will be the ultimate key that will used to aid and examine the key factors that influencing consumers to engage in online shopping. CONVENIENCE ONLINE SHOPPING PRICE 2.3 SUMMARY Based on the review on the related literature review, researcher found few dominant factors why consumer do engage in shopping online is generally influence by the factors of feeling of convenience, product prices sold online is relatively lower than existing retail stores, the widespread of information availability and also variety of product offered online. Moreover, this study will also look into the characteristic of customer especially in terms of profession, as regard to meet the objective to investigate the differences on the between public and private sector shopping online adoption. In summary, consumer purchasing behaviour through online can be examine in different model and generally, the factors that influence them to engage in online activities may be vary. However, for the purpose of this study, researcher will only look into the most significant factors convenience factors which include the time saving and less moving, and also the price factor on the basis of key factors that influencing customer to shop online in Kota Kinabalu. CHAPTER 3 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 3.1 METHODOLOGY A structured questionnaire will be used to collect the necessary data. It will be designed to specific information of the respondents. It serves as primary data to answer the research questions and objectives pertaining to online shopping in Kota Kinabalu. The survey questionnaire consists of few distinct sections, each of which contains questions which lead to answer the research question of the study. In view of time and cost constraints as well as the large population of Internet users in the country, random sampling was used to collect data from the consumer from Kota Kinabalu area. Even though the sampling method adopted might have limitations in terms of generalisibility compared to other sampling methods; it is assumed that the sample represents the whole population of consumer in Kota Kinabalu. 3.2 SOURCES OF DATA This study will be based on both primary and secondary data. The primary data will be from the structured questionnaires which will be distributed to the appropriate sample to collect necessary information regarding the subject matter. The secondary data will be gathered by reviewing web sites, business magazines, journals, publications and other relevant document related to the subject matter. 3.3 INSTRUMENT Sample data The sample in this study will be selected from different groups of people including non-executive, executive, students, and housewife in order to avoid collecting bias data. Mode of administration of survey Face to face and video call interview may be used in this study to gather appropriate information. This study will also be conducted by a constructed questionnaires with consumer selected as sample and all participants will be voluntarily. Nature of Questionnaires The questionnaires consist of 20 questions. Both open ended and fixed-response-alternative question will be used. Fixed-response-alternative question include multiple choice and also dichotomous. The questionnaire was self-administered, where it contains simple question with detailed instructions. The questionnaires were collected back after the respondents completed them. A copy of the questionnaire is provided in the appendices. Scope of the Study 300 questionnaires will be distributes by hand to the random sample of consumer in Kota Kinabalu area which will include both female and male from all groups plan. 3.4 RESEARCH APPROACH A descriptive research is being proposed to perform this study. Prior literature provides with a rich foundation on which to build a research framework for the study. As suggested by previous researcher, strong theoretical and conceptual framework can be developed through an integration of constructs from different research traditions and disciplines. In this study, the literature search was based on the keywords such as Internet Shopping, Internet Marketing and Online Shopping. Each article was reviewed and screened to eliminate the articles that were not pertinent to the study. 3.5 LIMITATION OF RESEARCH In order to conduct the research, the researcher is confronted this problem: time constrain Basically, research need to be done in longer period of time, unfortunately this study might only have few months given to complete be completed. Ample of time is needed to complete this study properly. Thus researcher only focus on two factors to be examined in this study. lack of expertise As beginner in the marketing research, the researcher level of competency and sophistication not is compared with experienced researcher. Researcher will have to refer on several books and seek guidance

The Relationship Between Mother and Daughter in James Cain’s Mildred Pi

The Relationship Between Mother and Daughter in James Cain’s Mildred Pierce I have always been of the belief that in order to truly love, hate must exist within the core of the relationship. Nowhere in modern fiction is this dictum examined more accurately than in the novel by James Cain, Mildred Pierce. Looking at the concept in a familial context, James Cain has created two well-developed characters, Mildred Pierce and her daughter, Veda, that not only emphasizes the nature of mother-daughter relationships, but looks at how love and hate permeates the very essence of the relationship. The Irish poet Thomas Moore once described the fascination of these violently fluctuating emotions, â€Å"When I loved you, I can’t but allow/ I had many an exquisite minute/ But the scorn that I feel for you now/ Hath even more luxury in it† (Tresidder 57). While reading Mildred Pierce, I was reminded of my own mother’s relationship with her daughters. One of my sisters, Leslie, in particular, hated my mother in youth. It was strong emotion to extinguish, especially in those formative teen years, but because life is dominated with experiences, things in which we learn from, later one comes to understand the nature of their hate and love and begins to properly delineate the truth of each. Unfortunately, we don’t get to see this in Mildred Pierce and Veda’s relationship. The reason for this is twofold; one, it is the element of obsessive love that fosters a breakdown in the natural boundaries that exist in a parental relationship. Secondly, it is the need by Mildred to seek the unrealistic approval from her daughter, Veda, which further exasperates the boundaries, almost wiping them completely away. We see these elements of obsessive love, ... ...essive love for Veda; her need to gain acceptance and approval from this undeserving daughter that leads her catastrophic collapse. For Veda, it is her spiteful and vindictive nature to exact pain from those she holds in contempt. One needs the other in order to bear witness to the conclusion of their story. Love and hate rules in Glendale. Work Cited Cain, James. Mildred Pierce. New York: Vintage Books. 1989 Firman, Dorthy. â€Å"Healing the Mother/Daughter Relationship.† Mother/Daughter Relations 8 Dec 02 http://www.motherdaughterrelations.com/article.html www.motherdaughterrelations.com/article.html Phillips, Shelley. Beyond the Myths. New York: Penguin Books. 1996 Tresidder, Megan. The Secret Language of Love. San Francisco: Chronicle Books. 1997 Vial, Veronique. Women Before 10 a. m. Photograph. New York: Powerhouse Books. 1998

Cultural Misunderstanding Essay

Nowadays, with the development of modern technology, the world tends to be a global village. It is quite convenient to contact people from other countries by telephone, fax or on the internet. Therefore, firms get more opportunities to sell their products overseas. However, as we all know, different countries have their own unique cultures. Hofstede who is a pioneer of comparative intercultural research describes culture as â€Å"the collective programming of the mind which distinguishes the members of one category of people from another† (Henk, Joseph Soeters and Peter Ester 2004,34). Owing to diverse company management, languages as well as customs, cultural conflict will arise from communication between people of different cultural backgrounds. This essay tries to present the main elements of cultural misunderstanding during cross cultural business and then find some effective ways to avoid or mitigate those problems. Different cultures make the world diversified. However, unfortunately, it also causes some negative effects on international business, which can lead to misunderstanding, confusion even anger. It usually appears in following aspects: 1). Misunderstandings based on power distance: According to Gallois and Callan(1997,28 ), â€Å"the distance† between a manager and subordinate can be considered as to extent to which employees can agree with their bosses or managers. It has two different styles: high distance and low distance. High power distance culture is usually found in some oriental countries, especially in Japan, Korea and China. Superiors seem to be entitled to more privileges. They are the centre of the whole company, their status (based on age, experience, or position) gives them the right to tell others what to do, and subordinates always esteem the managers. On the other hand, in western countries, an employee can have different opinions to his/her boss and can discuss problems with their manager face-to-face. Actually, deference of power in low power distance is based on knowledge and experience, rather than status or position alone (Gallois and Callan, 1997,28). Because of the different realization of power distance, conflict and misunderstanding must emerge when two or more who come from different power distance cultures work together. In this situation, managers of  multinational companies must pay attention to the clashes and be aware of the difference of cultures. The manager should know how to let those employees work together harmoniously and cooperatively. 2). Misunderstandings based on language: As the medium of information, language is used to express ideas, thoughts, and beliefs. Different nations use different languages, so there will be loss or misunderstanding during communication. For instance, in some countries, people like using implicit words, which are hard for foreigners to understand. It will cause big problems in cross-cultural negotiations. Language-based misunderstandings will happen, even with two native speakers of the same language, but from different dialect groups or social classes, communicating, because of accent, slang or technical terms. What’s more, according to Gallois and Callan (1997, 7), language is also associated with non-verbal communication, which includes gestures, body language, eye contact and some types of non-verbal behavior are used based on the user’s culture. Therefore, it is common that similar gestures will have different meanings in different countries. Thus, the non-verbal channel is another contributor of misunderstanding. For example, an Indian shaking his/her head means â€Å"yes† instead of â€Å"no†! In order to reduce language-based misunderstanding, overseas sellers should follow the â€Å"customer orientation† principle and do business in the customer’s language and communication style. In other words, it is essential to pay extra attention to the communication process, even if it takes more time. 3). Misunderstandings based on social rules. Social rules are defined as â€Å"shared expectations about the behavior that should and should not occur in specific social situations† (Gallois and Callan,1997,33). But the rules are different from one situation to another. Take punctuality as an example: we all know time is money, but when there is a conference, Germans usually arrive 5 minutes before the start and Spanish people will be late for 15 minutes late. However, in their mind they are both on time. Furthermore, when Western people converse with each other, the usual distances are between 0.5 and 1 meter. However, in China, the distance is much less, especially in a restaurant when people’s bodies will touch very closely.  Some Westerners feel uncomfortable in that situation. In a word, to keep an open mind about other people’s social rules and respect for those rules is very necessary. â€Å"When in Rome, do as the Romans do†. From what has been discussed before, cultural conflicts are inevitable during cross-cultural business, due to differences in company management, language, attitude toward times, social behavior, etc.. People are not all the same under the skin. As a professional business person, he/she should be willing to learn other nations’ cultures and keep an open mind, and adapt himself/herself to fit into the business environment in order to get the best achievement in business. References: Gallois,C and V.Callan (1997) Communication and Culture. JOHN WILEY&SONS Vinken,H, Joseph Soeters and Peter Ester(2004) Comparing Culture Dimensions of Culture in a Comparative Perspective. BRILL The Content of Intercultural Communication http://www.ahtvu.ah.cn/jxcl/zhykch/1107/supplementary%20reading2htm 25/01/2006